![]() ![]() ![]() Some wastewater streams are too concentrated to be cleaned effectively by biological treatment. Moreover, microbes are vulnerable to (chemical) shocks, further limiting their use in the chemical industry. Incineration is typically used when everything else fails and then the hazardous and polluting components are eliminated with fuel consumption, which bears high costs while producing secondary pollutants such as dioxin, furans, and sulfur dioxide.Īmong typical treatment methods applied for these kinds of wastes, biological treatment is the primary method for removal of organic pollutants, but often not suitable since they may contain toxic, non-biodegradable, and hazardous pollutants. Liquid wastes of high organic and inorganic content have been classified as hazardous wastes and are mainly disposed of by incineration. ![]() Before discharging these wastewaters into the environment like domestic wastewaters, industrial wastes must undergo various physical, biological, chemical, or combined treatments to reduce their toxicity and to convert them into biodegradable materials. Nowadays, many industries and some agricultural activities generate large quantities of aqueous wastes containing organic and inorganic substances known as process wastewaters (PWWs). ![]()
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January 2023
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